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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Covariance mapping ： ウィキペディア英語版 Covariance mapping In statistics, covariance mapping is an extension of the covariance concept from random variables to random functions. Normal covariance is a scalar (a single number) that measures statistical relation between two random variables. Covariance maps are matrices (arrays of numbers) that show statistical relations between different regions of random functions. Statistically independent regions of the functions show up on the map as zero-level flatland, while positive or negative correlations show up, respectively, as hills or valleys. ==Simple covariance mapping== Covariance mapping can be applied to any repetitive, fluctuating signal to reveal information hidden in the fluctuations. This technique was first used to analyse mass spectra of molecules ionised and fragmented by intense laser pulses.〔L J Frasinski, K Codling and P A Hatherly "Covariance Mapping: A Correlation Method Applied to Multiphoton Multiple Ionisation" ''Science'' 246 1029–1031 (1989), (open access )〕 Covariance mapping is particularly well suited to free-electron laser (FEL) research, where the x-ray intensity is so high that the large number of photoelectron and photoions produced at each pulse overwhelms simpler coincidence techniques. Figure 1 shows a typical experiment.〔L J Frasinski, V Zhaunerchyk, M Mucke, R J Squibb, M Siano, J H D Eland, P Linusson, P v.d. Meulen, P Salén, R D Thomas, M Larsson, L Foucar, J Ullrich, K Motomura, S Mondal, K Ueda, T Osipov, L Fang, B F Murphy, N Berrah, C Bostedt, J D Bozek, S Schorb, M Messerschmidt, J M Glownia, J P Cryan, R Coffee, O Takahashi, S Wada, M N Piancastelli, R Richter, K C Prince, and R Feifel "Dynamics of Hollow Atom Formation in Intense X-ray Pulses Probed by Partial Covariance Mapping" ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 111 073002 (2013), (open access )〕 X-ray pulses are focused on neon atoms and ionise them. The kinetic energy spectra of the photoelectrons ejected from neon are recorded at each laser shot using a suitable spectrometer (here a time-of-flight spectrometer). The single-shot spectra are sent to a computer, which calculates and displays the covariance map. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Covariance mapping」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.